Tzachas
Tzachas (Greek: Τζαχᾶς, Tzachas), also known as Chaka Bey (Turkish: Çaka Bey)[dn 1] or Emmir Chaka of Smyrna,[1] was an 11th-century Seljuk Turkish emir who ruled an independent state based in Smyrna (present day Izmir).
Chaka was taken as a prisoner during a war with the Byzantine Empire by Emperor Nicephorus III Botaneiates. The emperor took an interest in the youth and brought him to live in the palace. He was granted the title of protonobilissimus.
After Alexios I Komnenos became the Byzantine Emperor, Chaka returned to Anatolia and began a war against the Byzantines. In 1081, Chaka conquered several cities on the Aegean coast of Anatolia, including Smyrna. Intent upon expanding his power, he ordered the construction of a fleet at the shipyards of Smyrna and Ephesus. This fleet, which consisted of 33 sail ships and 17 oar ships, was the first Anatolian Turkish navy.
Chaka's fleet conquered Lesbos (1089) and Chios (1090), before defeating the Byzantine fleet under Niketas Kastamonites near the Koyun Islands off Chios on 19 May 1090. In 1091, his fleet conquered the islands of Samos and Rhodes, but also suffered a crushing defeat in the Sea of Marmara to Constantine Dalassenos, undoing much of his previous successes. Dalassenos and John Doukas then defeated Chaka again in 1092, destroyed his fleet and recovered all the islands he had captured.
According to Byzantine sources, Chaka was murdered in 1092 by his son-in-law Kilij Arslan I. However, his name appears in later dates, such as a campaign against the strategic port city of Adramyttium (modern day Edremit) in 1095, where, according to these sources, he died. Some historians[2] indicate that it was in fact his son who was appointed by Kilij Arslan to take his post.
At any rate, after Chaka's death, his beylik disappeared from history. The Byzantines would soon recapture the area under the leadership of Alexius I, and it would take the Seljuks more than two centuries to reach the Aegean coast again.
See also
- ^ The Turkish form of Tzachas didn't appear in any historical documents. The name «Çaka» («Çaka Bey») prevailed especially in Turkey, after Akdes Nimet Kurat used the name "Çaka" in his work "Çaka: Orta Zamanda İzmir ve Yakınındaki Adaların Türk Hakimi", İstanbul, 1936. (Turkish), ... yüksek siyasî ve askerî görüş sahibi olarak büyük önem taşıyan bu bey'in adının gerçek söylenişi henüz tamamen kesinliğe kavuşmuş değildir. Bu hususta şimdiye kadar üç ihtimal ileri sürülmüştür: Çaka, Çağa, Çakan. AN Kurat'ın bunu «Çaka» kabûl ederek eserini de «Çaka Bey» diye adlandırması, özellikle memleketimizde Çaka şeklinin yaygınlaşmasına yol açmıştır denebilir. (Tarih Dergisi, Cilt 20, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, İbrahim Horoz Basımevi, 1983, p. 56. (Turkish))
References
- ^ John Julius Norwich, Byzantium: The Decline and Fall, Knopf, 1996, ISBN 9780679416500, p. 50.
- ^ Doğuştan Günümüze Türk-İslam Tarihi (Turkish-Islamic History, from its Birth to the Present)
- Norwich, John Julius. Byzantium: The Decline and Fall. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996) p. 26.
|
Landmarks of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Anatolian beyliks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Sökmen el Kutbi • Capital: Ahlat
Important centers and extension: Silvan • Malazgirt • Erciş • Adilcevaz • Başkale • Eleşkirt • Van • Tatvan • Bitlis • Muş • Hani
Dynasty: Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112) • Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?) • Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (1128–1185) • Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193) • Aksungur (1193–1197) • Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)
1207: Submitted to the Ayyoubids
Important works: Ahlat Tombs
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestors: Eksük and his son Artuk, commander of Alparslan, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder: Muinüddin Sökmen Bey • Capitals: Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension: Diyarbekir • Hasankeyf • Silvan • Mardin • Midyat • Harput • Palu • Aleppo (temporarily as of 1117)
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104) • Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)
Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122) • Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154) • Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)
Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112–1124) • Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?) • Sökmen the Second (? - ?)
Important works: Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır • Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls • Malabadi Bridge • Hasankeyf Bridge • Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) • Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122) • Great Mosque of Silvan • Great Mosque of Mardin • Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) • Great Mosque of Kızıltepe • Great Mosque of Harput • Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin • Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Saltuk Bey • Capital: Erzurum
Important centers and extension: Erzurum • Tercan
Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072–1102) • Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124) • Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132) • Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168) • Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191) • Mama Hatun (1191–1200) • Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)
1202: Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum • Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum • Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan • Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan • Kale Mosque in Erzurum • Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey • Capitals: Birgi, later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension: Tire • Izmir • Alaşehir • Aydın • Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)
Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334) • Umur Beg (1334–1348) • Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Aydınoğlu Isa Bey ( - 1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403) • Aydınoğlu Umur Bey the Second (1403–1405) • İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals) • 1425: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Sinop • Eflani • Çankırı • Kalecik • Tosya • Araç • Samsun (temporarily)
Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340) • Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345) • Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361) • Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385) • Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)
1392: Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I
Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty: Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440) • Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443) • Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)
1461: Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • Capital: Kastamonu
Important centers and extension: Kastamonu • Taşköprü
Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) • Alp Yürek (? - ?) • Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) • Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309) •
1309: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestor: Hasan Dulkadir • Founder: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey • Capital: Elbistan
Important centers and extension: Maraş • Malatya • Harput • Kayseri • Antep
Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348) • Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386) • Sûli Bey (1386–1396) • Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443) • Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454) • Melik Arslan (?-?) • Shah Budak (?-1492) • Şahsuvar (?-?) • Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507) • Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)
1443–1525: Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestor:: Kerimüddin Alişir • Founder: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First • Capital: Kütahya
Important centers and extension: Kula (District), Manisa • Simav • Yenicekent • Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368)
Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340) • Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361) • Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)
1390: First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429) • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I • 1429: Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestors:: Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • Founder: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey • Capital: Isparta
Important centers and extension: Eğirdir • Uluborlu • Gölhisar • Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324) • Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330) • Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?) • Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)
1374: Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to Karamanid dynasty.
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestor:: Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan • Founder: Kerimüddin Karaman Bey • Capitals: successively Ereğli • Ermenek • Larende (Karaman) • Konya • Mut
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty: Kerimeddin Karaman Bey (1256–1261) • Karamanoğlu Mehmed Bey (1261–1283) • Güneri Bey (1283–1300) • Bedreddin Mahmud Bey (1300–1308) • Yahşı Han Bey (1308–1312) • Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey (1312–1333) • Alâeddin Halil Mirza Bey (1333–1348) • Bedreddin Ibrahim Bey, 2nd reign (1348–1349) • Fahreddin Ahmed Bey (1349–1350) • Şemdeddin Bey the Second (1350–1351) • Burhaneddin Musa Bey (1351–1356) • Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1356–1357) • Alâeddin Ali Bey (1357–1398) • Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399) • Bengi Alâeddin Ali Bey (1418–1424) • Damat Ibrahim Bey (1424–1464) • Sultanzade Ishak Bey (1464) • Sultanzade Pir Ahmed Bey (1464–1469) • Karamanoğlu Kasım Bey (1469–1483) • Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)
1398–1402: First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane • 1414–1487: Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II.
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestor:: Melik Danişmend Gazi • Founder: Karesi Bey • Capital: Balıkesir
Important centers and extension: Aydıncık • Bergama • Edremit • Bigadiç • Ezine
Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307–1328) • Demir Han (1328–1345) • Yahşı Han (1328–1345) • Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)
1374: Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan I and Murad I
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestor:: Germiyanlı Ali Bey • Founder: Inanç Bey • Capital: Denizli
Important centers and extension: Denizli
Dynasty: Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314) • Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?) • Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360) • Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)
1368: Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Menteşe Bey • Capitals: Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension: present-day Muğla Province • Muğla • Finike • Kaş • Çameli • Acıpayam • Tavas • Bozdoğan • Çine • temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314
Dynasty: Menteşe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) • Menteşeoğlu Mesud Bey (~1282 - ~1320) • Menteşeoğlu Şücaüddin Orhan Bey (~1320 - ~1340) • Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey (~1340 - ~1360)
1360: Division between the three sons of Menteşeoğlu Ibrahim Bey; Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed • 1390: First period of incorporation into the Ottoman Empire (by submission) under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1414: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Menteşeoğlu Ilyas Bey • 1414: Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty under Mehmed I • 1424: Second and last incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas • Ilyas Bey Mosque in Balat • Great Mosque of Muğla (1344) • Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan • Capitals: Adana
Important centers and extension: Adana • Tarsus
Dynasty: Ibrahim Bey (1344-?) • [[|Ahmed Bey (Ramadanids)|Ahmed Bey]] (?-1416) • Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417) • Hamza Bey (1417–1427) • Mehmed Bey (1427-?) • Eyluk Bey (? - ?) • Dündar Bey (? - ?) • Omer Bey (?-1490) • Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511) • Hahmud Bey (1511–1516) • Selim Bey (?-?) • Kubad Bey (1517-?)
1516: Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I • 1516–1608: Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608.
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Founder: Saruhan Bey • Capital: Manisa
Important centers and extension: Demirci • Nif (Kemalpaşa) • Akhisar • Gördes • Menemen
Dynasty: Dynasty: Saruhan Bey (1302–1345) • Fahreddin Ilyas Bey • Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey ( -1388) • Hızır Shah (1388–1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1410: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403) • Hızır Shah (1403–1410) • 1410: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I
Important works:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ancestors: Hamidoğlu dynasty • Founder: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey • Capitals: Antalya • Korkuteli
Important centers and extension: Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373) • Teke Peninsula
Dynasty: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?) • Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327) • Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) • Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?) • Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375) • Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)
1390: First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt • 1402–1423: Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423) • 1423: Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)
|
|
|
|
| Persondata |
| Name |
Tzachas |
| Alternative names |
|
| Short description |
|
| Date of birth |
|
| Place of birth |
|
| Date of death |
1092 |
| Place of death |
|